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Exam 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

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Question 21

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Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

A) Plantae
B) Fungi
C) Animalia
D) Protista

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

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Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of dingoes and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and dingoes ________.

A) have very similar morphologies
B) belong to the same order
C) are both members of the order Carnivora
D) share a very recent common ancestor

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Question 23

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Which of the following would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?

To apply the principle of maximum parsimony to construction of a phylogenetic tree, ________.

In the phylogenetic trees, numbers represent species, and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?

The kingdom Monera was dismantled because of which of the following reasons?

The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter) . The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A. % Sequence Homology $\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l| } \hline \text { Species } & \text { Intron I } & \text { Exon I } & \text { Intron VI } & \text { Exon V } \\\hline \text { A } & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% \\\hline B & 98 \% & 99 \% & 82 \% & 96 \% \\\hline \mathrm { C } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 89 \% & 96 \% \\\hline \mathrm { D } & 99 \% & 99 \% & 92 \% & 97 \% \\\hline \mathrm { E } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 80 \% & 94 \% \\\hline\end{array}$ Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?

The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that ________.

A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged?

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae) . If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to ________.

The best classification system is that which most closely ________.

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ________.

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of ________.

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

In the above figure, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as Canidae?

The various taxonomic levels (for example, phyla, genera, classes) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of ________.

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

- If the figure above is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement?

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,